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Rays or Particles? The name, lithium, comes from "lithos," the Greek word for "stone.". Lithium fluoride is exceptionally chemically stable and LiF-BeF2 mixtures have low melting points. Potassium metal is indeed more reactive than lithium metal, because potassium . The trend in the reducing power of the alkali metals is not a simple linear trend, so it is a little disingenuous if I were to solely talk about $\ce{Li}$ and $\ce{Cs}$, implying that data for the metals in the middle can be interpolated. I think it has to do with solvation. What happens when the Earth comes directly between the Sun and the Moon causing Earth's shadow to be cast upon the Moon? The NCCP also produces metallic lithium for catalysts and batteries, and granulated lithium chloride. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. \ce{M} & E^\circ(\ce{M+}/\ce{M}) \\ Contents show. With graphite, lithium forms a variety of intercalation compounds. Most of this, notably Li-7, was then sold on the open market. (-1) Saying that "lithium is a stronger reducing agent because it has a higher reduction potential" is just like saying "fluorine is reactive because it reacts with a lot of species readily". [167][168] The reaction is as follows: Some of the aforementioned compounds, as well as lithium perchlorate, are used in oxygen candles that supply submarines with oxygen. Assuming that $\Delta_\mathrm{r} S^\circ$ is approximately independent of the identity of the metal $\ce{M}$, then the variations in $\Delta_\mathrm{r}H^\circ$ will determine the variations in $\Delta_\mathrm{r}G^\circ$ and hence $E^\circ$. However, looking at the very first table, this is clearly not true. Since the alkali metals are the most electropositive (the least electronegative) of elements, they react with a great variety of nonmetals. What is the degree of the earths tilt and what is it pointing towards? This is due in part to their larger atomic radii and low ionization energies. Lithium is safely stored in non-reactive compounds such as naphtha. How common is it for US universities to ask a postdoc to bring their own laptop computer etc.? 4.1. Lithium applications are used in more than 60% of mobile phones. That's pretty much the same as what I wrote, except it's more descriptive and less quantitative. He wasn't able to isolate the metal entirely, but he did isolate one of its salts. Invisible supernovas called 'bosenovas' may be exploding all around us, new research suggests, Watch drone delve into Siberia's growing 'gateway to the underworld,' the largest permafrost depression in the world, $500,000 chunk of 'floating gold' found in dead whale, The ultimate action-packed science and technology magazine bursting with exciting information about the universe, Subscribe today and save an extra 5% with checkout code 'LOVE5', Engaging articles, amazing illustrations & exclusive interviews, Issues delivered straight to your door or device, Atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus): 3, Atomic weight (average mass of the atom): 6.941, Density: 0.534 grams per cubic centimeter, Melting point: 356.9 degrees Fahrenheit (180.5 degrees Celsius), Boiling point: 2448 degrees Fahrenheit (1342 degrees Celsius), Number of isotopes (atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons): 10; 2 stable, Most common isotopes: Li-7 (92.41 percent natural abundance), Li-6 (7.59 percent natural abundance), Lithium-ion batteries are the key to lightweight, rechargeable power for laptops, phones and other digital devices. It has one of the lowest refractive indexes and the furthest transmission range in the deep UV of most common materials. They are defined by the presence of a bond between carbon and lithium. This "missing lithium" discovery was first made in the 1980s, said Pasquale Serpico, a cosmologist at the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) and the University of Savoy Mont Blanc in France. How do I get rid of password restrictions in passwd, Metal (solid) to Metal (gaseous state) sublimation energy, Metal from gaseous state to M+ ionisation energy, M+ to M+ (aqueous state) hydration energy, If you also look at the electronegativities of just. It's also solid at a wide range of temperatures, with one of the lowest melting points of all metals and a high boiling point. When this occurs, the lithium atom becomes a lithium ion with a charge of one plus since it lost one electron. [113], Low-cobalt cathodes for lithium batteries are expected to require lithium hydroxide rather than lithium carbonate as a feedstock, and this trend favors rock as a source. Storing it is a problem. Lithium, as well as the first and second lightest chemical elements (hydrogen and helium, respectively), are the only elements created at the birth of the universe, according to NASA. Secondly, the greater shielding effect in caesium works to make. However, for both purposes it must be very pure Li-7, otherwise tritium is formed by neutron capture (see later section). The two largest pegmatites (known as the Carriere de l'Este Pegmatite and the Roche Dure Pegmatite) are each of similar size or larger than the famous Greenbushes Pegmatite in Western Australia. For Lithium salts used in medication, see. Lithium carbonate . That means the surrounding water cools the Li piece so it cannot melt. Lithium hydroxide is a strong base and, when heated with a fat, produces a soap made of lithium stearate. \end{CD}$$. \ce{M (g)} @>>{\large IE_1(\ce{M})}> \ce{M+ (g) + e-} The reactivity of alkali metals increases from the top to the bottom of the group, so lithium (Li) is the least reactive alkali metal and francium (Fr) is the most reactive. Lithium metal is produced through electrolysis applied to a mixture of fused 55% lithium chloride and 45% potassium chloride at about 450C. [18], In Russia the largest lithium deposit Kolmozerskoye is located in Murmansk region. Thus, the Democratic Republic of Congo is expected to be a significant supplier of lithium to the world with its high grade and low impurities. In 2020 lithium demand was around 74,000 tonnes per year, with approximately 30% of demand coming from electric vehiclesand energy storage (22,000 t). The US shut down most of this machinery in 1963, when it had a huge surplus of separated lithium, mostly consumed during the twentieth century. The fission of lithium to helium (and tritium) by Cockroft and Walton in 1932 was the first artificial fission reaction, in this case induced by proton bombardment. the air. Castle Bravo first used lithium-7, in the Shrimp, its first device, which weighed only 10 tons, and generated massive nuclear atmospheric contamination of Bikini Atoll. My Russian textbook says: "lithium ions are much smaller than Na and K ions. They serve as metal-stabilized carbanions, although their solution and solid-state structures are more complex than this simplistic view. Its low reactivity compared to the other alkali metals can be explained by the fact that it has a high . Why are hydrated lithium ions' radii larger than hydrated sodium ions' radii? Answer (1 of 3): In it's elemental state, extremely. \ce{Cs} & -2.923 \\ This means that the atoms get bigger as you go down the group and they also become more reactive(and more dangerous).So, sodium is more reactive than lithium and potassium is more reactive than both of them. TVELs Novosibirsk Chemical Concentrates Plant (NCCP)in Siberia is the largest supplier of Li-7 hydroxide monohydrate (with purity up to 99.95%), meeting up to 80% of the worlds requirements. A typical lithium-ion battery can generate approximately 3 volts per cell, compared with 2.1 volts for lead-acid and 1.5 volts for zinc-carbon. The products of sodium's reaction with water are hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide, the base that turns the phenolphthalein pink. Lithium-7 has two important uses in nuclear power due to its relative transparency to neutrons. [153][154] Other rechargeable batteries that use lithium include the lithium-ion polymer battery, lithium iron phosphate battery, and the nanowire battery. Registered office: Tower House, 10 Southampton Street, London, WC2E 7HA, United Kingdom, Reuse of World Nuclear Association Content, Ukraine: Russia-Ukraine War and Nuclear Energy, a 2021 report from the International Energy Agency, The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions, TVELs Novosibirsk Chemical Concentrates Plant (NCCP), http://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au/aimr/commodity/lithium.html#world_ranking, Industry Watching Supply of Lithium-7 for US PWRs, Lithium Isotope Enrichment: Feasible Domestic Enrichment Alternatives. It is used extensively in telecommunication products such as mobile phones and optical modulators, for such components as resonant crystals. Certain ethers have ring properties that make them inclined to bond more with specific isotopes than others, and either resin columns or a water-insoluble solvent containing the crown ethers is added to an aqueous mixture of lithium, and the Li-6 concentrates in the solvent phase for removal. It may be noted that lithium has most negative E value (table 9.1). The Lithium Triangle is believed to contain over 75% of existing known lithium reserves. Chemistry Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for scientists, academics, teachers, and students in the field of chemistry. Essentially, the worms stopped avoiding harmful bacteria without that protein. That's why lithium is good reducing agent. Today this is undertaken only in Russia and China, though it was greatly used in the USA earlier,with major environmental impact. [110][111] Half the world's known reserves are located in Bolivia along the central eastern slope of the Andes. Is the iPad Pro worth it for photo editing? [113] Concentrations can also vary in time as brines are fluids that are changeable and mobile. Like its inorganic compounds, almost all organic compounds of lithium formally follow the duet rule (e.g., BuLi, MeLi). least reactive of all is magnesium, calcium is Online Pharmacy For Celebrex more reactive, then Potassium, then soduium & most reactive is Lithium. According to the Jefferson National Linear Accelerator Laboratory, the properties of lithium are: Lithium is a special metal in many ways. That's why they will have stronger electrical fields around them. Lithium enrichment (to Li-6) has created a large US inventory of both tailings depleted in Li-6 (at Portsmouth, Ohio and K-25 site at Oak Ridge, Tennessee) and unprocessed lithium. - Nicolau Saker Neto Apr 12, 2015 at 16:01 Add a comment 3 Answers Sorted by: 32 +50 1 Answer Sorted by: 2 Li melts at 180 C, and Na at 95 C. Tim Ault et al, Lithium Isotope Enrichment: Feasible Domestic Enrichment Alternatives, University of California, Berkeley, Report UCBTH-12-005 (5 May 2012), 2016-2023 World Nuclear Association, registered in England and Wales, number 01215741. [53][52] An accurate estimate of world lithium reserves is difficult. Li is not the least reactive metal but it is the least reactive alkali metal. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithium&oldid=1167019289, This page was last edited on 25 July 2023, at 05:38. Lithium peroxide (Li2O2) in presence of moisture not only reacts with carbon dioxide to form lithium carbonate, but also releases oxygen. 4 Alkali Metals Reactivity with Water 5 How Do Alkali Metals React Otherwise? The most reactive metals are the elements in Groups 1 and 2. We can construct an energy cycle to assess how $\Delta_\mathrm{r}H^\circ$ will vary with the identity of $\ce{M}$. Stephanie received a bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of South Carolina and a graduate certificate in science communication from the University of California, Santa Cruz. This perhaps accounts for the decline of US nuclear infrastructure. Studies show multiple effects on the nervous system. The alkali metals include: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. Crown-ether enrichment using mixer-settler system appears best for larger-scale production such as envisaged for MSR fluorides. They have also been applied in asymmetric synthesis in the pharmaceutical industry. Lithium - World Nuclear Association Note that the sodium almost immediately melts, and then skims the surface more rapidly than the lithium did. [18][155][156], Lithium (e.g. [145], Development of the Thacker Pass lithium mine in Nevada, United States, has met with protests and lawsuits from several indigenous tribes who have said they were not provided free prior and informed consent and that the project threatens cultural and sacred sites. [117][118] Operational mining began in 2022. Lithium | Definition, Properties, Use, & Facts | Britannica [181], Lithium-6 is valued as a source material for tritium production and as a neutron absorber in nuclear fusion. Heres how it works. The majority of mined lithium (about three-quarters) is used for batteries. Lithium has two stable isotopes, Li-6 and Li-7, the latter being 92.5% in nature (hence relative atomic mass of natural lithium of 6.94). (a) Lithium is least reactive with water among the alkali metals - Vedantu [113], In the US, lithium is recovered from brine pools in Nevada. [119], A deposit discovered in 2013 in Wyoming's Rock Springs Uplift is estimated to contain 228,000 tons. Lesson Video: Alkali Metals | Nagwa The reaction of alkali metals with water is represented by the following equation: 2 M (s or l) + 2 H2 O (l) --> 2 M (OH)2(aq) + H 2(g) Where M is the alkali metal. pottasium. . Because of its low atomic mass, it has a high charge- and power-to-weight ratio. Also Li is very light, 0.53 g / c m 3, while Na has nearly 1 g / c m 3. NY 10036. TRU Group 2011, Shocking future battering the lithium industry through 2020 What are the 3 most reactive alkali metals? - Heimduo The combo of Li and H2O forms lithium hydroxide and hydrogen, which typicallybursts into red flame. Reactivity of lithium in water - Chemistry Stack Exchange However, in reality, lithium is coerced to give up its electron by the surrounding water molecules, which are very happy to form ion-dipole interactions with the small ion $\ce{Li+}$. Hence, more active hydration. [173], Organolithium compounds are widely used in the production of polymer and fine-chemicals. These metals are characterized by their soft texture and silvery color. Who Can Benefit From Diaphragmatic Breathing? The remaining share is mostly used for ceramics and glass, accounting for almost 15%. This puts the South American country ahead of Australia (2.7 million tons), Argentina (2 million tons) and China (1 million tons). Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. . Potassium is more reactive than lithium because the atom is larger so has more electron shells shielding the outer electron from the nucleus. [113] The final processing in this example is done near the city of Antofagasta on the coast where pure lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, and lithium chloride are produced from the brine. In 2020, Australia granted Major Project Status (MPS) to the Finniss Lithium Project for a strategically important lithium deposit: an estimated 3.45 million tonnes (Mt) of mineral resource at 1.4 percent lithium oxide. Stay up to date on the latest science news by signing up for our Essentials newsletter. Lithium forms salt-like derivatives with all halides and pseudohalides. She was previously a senior writer for Live Science but is now a freelancer based in Denver, Colorado, and regularly contributes to Scientific American and The Monitor, the monthlymagazine of the American Psychological Association. Is Lithium more or less reactive than magnesium? Lithium carbonate has been described as the most important compound of lithium. [104], The US Geological Survey (USGS) estimated worldwide identified lithium reserves in 2020 and 2021 to be 17 million and 21 million tonnes, respectively. [162] Alloys of the metal with aluminium, cadmium, copper and manganese are used to make high-performance, low density aircraft parts (see also Lithium-aluminium alloys). In its chemical reactivity, lithium more closely resembles Group 2 (IIa) of the periodic table than it does the other metals of its own group.It is less reactive than the other alkali metals with water, oxygen, and halogens and more . The alkali metals are some of the most reactive elements in the periodic table. What is involved with it? In comparison, lithium and sodium are less reactive so the Alkali metal | Definition, Properties, & Facts | Britannica \ce{M} & \Delta_\mathrm{atom}H & IE_1 & \Delta_\mathrm{hyd}H & \text{Sum} \\ Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. Lithium, atomic number 3, is an element of many uses. Lithium is the only alkali metal that does not form the anion, Li , in solution or in the solid state. Most Reactive Alkali Metal? - Answers On Web The more solvated the resulting ions, the more favourable electron loss is. [95][96], Because of its reactivity with water, and especially nitrogen, lithium metal is usually stored in a hydrocarbon sealant, often petroleum jelly. Brine operations are typically less costly than hard rock mining, costing $3000 per tonne (pt) less ($4000/tfor brine operations compared to $7000/t for hard rock). Some popular compounds include lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4), lithium triethylborohydride, n-butyllithium and tert-butyllithium. Lithium* easily ionizes to Li+, and LiOH forms readily. reactivity increases up to down on the periodic table. Algebraically why must a single square root be done on all terms rather than individually? The trend decreases as you go down, so lithium is less reactive . The reaction is fast and generates sufficient heat (it is Which sphere is not directly studied in one of the main branches of Earth space science geology astronomy meteorology or oceanography A biosphere B exosphere C atmosphere D hydrosphere? Many other lithium compounds are used as reagents to prepare organic compounds. [97], It dissolves in ammonia (and amines) to give [Li(NH3)4]+ and the solvated electron.[97]. In fact, researchers recently found a giant star holding 3,000 times more lithium than normal "giants," they reported in August 2018 in the journal Nature Astronomy. In the IEAs scenario consistent with sustainable development goals, lithium demand reaches 1,160,000 t by 2040 and electric vehicles and energy storage account for about 90% of the total (see Figure). By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Share Improve this answer Follow answered Feb 11, 2017 at 16:27 Tank 139 2 Add a comment Your Answer When the moon from the mighty boosh says that he licked the suns back when it passed by him in orbit once was he for real? ", "Largest Lithium Deal Triggered by Smartphones and Teslas", "Lithium and cobalt a tale of two commodities", "Green recovery of lithium from geothermal water based on a novel lithium iron phosphate electrochemical technique", "Lithium Extraction from Seawater through Pulsed Electrochemical Intercalation", "Innovative lithium recovery technique from seawater by using world-first dialysis with a lithium ionic superconductor", "Seawater could provide nearly unlimited amounts of critical battery material", "Commodities At a Glance: Special issue on strategic battery raw materials", Application of Life-Cycle Assessment to Nanoscale Technology: Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles, "Can Nanotech Improve Li-ion Battery Performance", "The spiralling environmental cost of our lithium battery addiction", "This metal is powering today's technologyat what price? These can also include small amounts of boron, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, titanium, manganese, and iron. Astrophysicists continue to conduct research to find this "missing" lithium or to explain why it's missing. In 2013 the US Department of Energy planned to set aside 200 kg of Li-7 in reserve, and has beenfunding research on production methods. [170] Finely divided lithium fluoride powder has been used for thermoluminescent radiation dosimetry (TLD): when a sample of such is exposed to radiation, it accumulates crystal defects which, when heated, resolve via a release of bluish light whose intensity is proportional to the absorbed dose, thus allowing this to be quantified. So it is stored by being coated with petroleum jelly. ", "With lithium, more is definitely better", "Integrating hot cores and cool edges in fusion reactors", "Report Says a Shortage of Nuclear Ingredient Looms", "Lithium therapy and weight change in people with bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis", Lithium Supply & Markets 2009 IM Conference 2009 Sustainable lithium supplies through 2020 in the face of sustainable market growth. The tendency to loose electrons is greater in potassium than that in lithium. Reactivity series - Wikipedia With mercury-based separation,Li-6 has a greater affinity to mercury than its more common partner. Since 2018 the Democratic Republic of Congo is known to have the largest lithium spodumene hard-rock deposit in the world. \ce{K} & -2.925 \\ Li-7 hydroxide monohydrate produced by the NCCP accounts for the majority of Li-7 world consumption (by isotopic composition) for the nuclear industry. [54], The third most common use of lithium is in greases. Lithium-based drugs are useful as a mood stabilizer and antidepressant in the treatment of mental illness such as bipolar disorder . @V{\large\Delta_\mathrm{atom}H(\ce{M})}VV @AA{\large\Delta_\mathrm{hyd}H(\ce{M+})}A \\ [120] Similarly in Nevada, the McDermitt Caldera hosts lithium-bearing volcanic muds that consist of the largest known deposits of lithium within the United States. The reason why they are so reactive is that the . This eases the transition of electrons from Li into the solution and explains Li's position in the electrochemical series". To decide which is the best reducing agent we only not consider that who has less ionisation energy yet it follows 3 steps: Lithium having more charge density has more sublimation energy and ionisation energy than caesium but hydration energy is released in such a big amount that it compensates the S.E and I.E. How big is the star Atlas in terms of solar radius in the constellation Taurus and also resides in the Pleiades? According to theUnited States Geological Survey (USGS), around three-quarters of lithium is used for batteries. Is lithium more reactive than potassium? Are arguments that Reason is circular themselves circular and/or self refuting? Does each bitcoin node do Continuous Integration? AS you go down the elements in group 1 the electrons are able to react more violently with water because less energy is needed for the electron to leave the metal. The report said it would take five years and $10 million to $12 million to reestablish the ability to separate lithium-6 from lithium-7. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. What is tested in the experiment of the reaction between alkali metals and water? Isotope separation of Li-6 and Li-7 can be achieved chemically,using the column exchange (Colex) separation process,and also with laser processes on metal vapour, or crown-ether separation. Lithium-ion batteries, which are rechargeable and have a high energy density, differ from lithium metal batteries, which are disposable (primary) batteries with lithium or its compounds as the anode. Many electronic devices use batteries that contain lithium metal or lithium compounds. Why is Light Year used instead of kilometers? Within Europe, Portugal has smaller quantities of the valuable raw material. Excluding withheld US production statistics, world production in 2020 was around 82,500 t. Australia was the leading producer with 39,700 t, followed by Chile (21,500 t), China (13,300 t), Argentina (5900 t), Brazil (1420 t) and Zimbabwe and Portugal, whichboth produced less than 500 t. There are some concerns over lithium shortages in the future. What alkali metal out of Lithium, Sodium, Potassium is least reactive? [53] Lithium compounds are also used as additives (fluxes) to foundry sand for iron casting to reduce veining. Metallic lithium and its complex hydrides, such as Li[AlH4], are used as high-energy additives to rocket propellants. What are the effects of rotation and revolution of the Earth and the effect of the tilt of Earth's axis? [125] After the 2007 financial crisis, major suppliers, such as Sociedad Qumica y Minera (SQM), dropped lithium carbonate pricing by 20%. Is the statement true that unlike planets a dwarf planet cannot have moons? It cannot be kept under oil, as sodium can, because it is less dense and floats. inorganic chemistry - Why is reaction of Li less vigorous than that of This behaviour of lithium is attributed to its small size and very high hydration energy. FLiBe is favoured in MSR primary cooling, and when uncontaminated has a low corrosion effect. Your email address will not be published. The main sources of lithium are brines and ores. The Nuclear Energy Institute has described Li-7 supply as critically important for the US nuclear industry. Scientists discover 1st 'neutron-rich' isotope of uranium since 1979, Listen to a star 'twinkle' in world-first audio simulation. Lithium has a flashy discovery story literally. Nuclear Energy Institute, Industry Watching Supply of Lithium-7 for US PWRs (9 December 2013) However, a 2021 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA) suggests that, in the future the use of lithium will be dominated by clean energy technologies, with a 90% share of demand. Lithium is widely used in lithium-ion batteries, including those for electric cars, either as natural lithium or with an enhanced proportion of Li-6 which improves performance, utilizing chemically-pure tails from enriching Li-7. According to estimates by theUnited States Geological Survey (USGS), identified worldwide lithium resources in 2022 are about 89 million tonnes (Mt). The heat given off by this reaction immediately melts the sodium and potassium and is frequently sufficient to ignite the hydrogen gas produced: and to ignite the metals themselves . Concentration factors of 1.05 are comparable with the Colex process. When will there be a solar eclipse and transit of Venus at the same time? Breathing lithium dust or lithium compounds (which are often alkaline) initially irritate the nose and throat, while higher exposure can cause a buildup of fluid in the lungs, leading to pulmonary edema. No one knows exactly how lithium works to stabilize mood. Were all of the "good" terminators played by Arnold Schwarzenegger completely separate machines? Why ionization energy of Thallium is higher than that of Indium? The $\ce{M+}/\ce{M}$ standard reduction potential is related to $\Delta_\mathrm{r}G^\circ$ for the reaction, $$E^\circ = \frac{\Delta_\mathrm{r}G^\circ + K}{F}$$, where $K$ is the absolute standard Gibbs free energy for the reaction. It will react with any element willing to give up a electron. How to draw a specific color with gpu shader. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/chemistry/periodictableandgroups/grouptrendsrev2.shtml, i don't think that entirely makes sense? It's also a useful tool in predicting the products of simple displacement reactions involving two different metals, as well as providing an insight into . [159], Lithium (as lithium fluoride) is used as an additive to aluminium smelters (HallHroult process), reducing melting temperature and increasing electrical resistance,[160] a use which accounts for 3% of production (2011). because it has a negative electric charge. The remaining lithium is produced through brines in Chile and Argentina, providing 22% and 8% respectively. We can see, as described in Prajjawal's answer, that there are three factors that contribute to $\Delta_\mathrm{r}H$: $$\Delta_\mathrm{r}H = \Delta_\mathrm{atom}H + IE_1 + \Delta_\mathrm{hyd}H$$. [179], The Mark 50 torpedo stored chemical energy propulsion system (SCEPS) uses a small tank of sulfur hexafluoride, which is sprayed over a block of solid lithium. When you look at the night sky are you seeing the universe exactly as it is? Stack Overflow at WeAreDevelopers World Congress in Berlin.