Share this via WhatsApp )government consumption: 8.5% (2017 est. Image: Chengdu University of Technology, scientific reports, Creative Commons License CC BY 4.0. East of this complex the Congo River has eroded a broad basin, known as Malebo Pool, into the upper sedimentary strata before cutting rapids farther downstream. Central Africa is primarily inhabited by Bantu people. )$4.354 billion (2018 est. Many Nilo-Saharan and Niger-Congo Ubangian communities reside in the region. The results of this melting pot are present in local festivals like Fiesta de la Santa Cruz, where Panamanians gather wearing traditional clothing composed of bright colors signifying different meanings associated with each hue. )$4.195 billion (2017 est. Help us continue to fight human rights abuses. November 22, 2021 Central Africa is primarily inhabited by Bantu people. In an effort to prolong his mandate, he named himself emperor in 1976 and changed the countrys name to the Central African Empire. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. Central Africa Among the African countries, the biggest one is Algeria, occupying around 7% of the continent's territory. WebLocated in middle part of Africa, Central Africa is composed of 9 countries. Your personal data will be governed by Mapsofworld. There is no serious dry season, but in the extreme east and west there are two months (July and August) of lower rainfall. Two of the subregions countries, Chad and the Central African Republic, are landlocked countries. Central African Republic )575.586 (2020 est. Courts can order women to return to their marital homes or lose their right to spousal maintenance. Please give now to support our work, Male Guardianship Rules Hamper Travel, Other Movement, Share this via Facebook Regional Maps: Map of Africa Outline Map of Central African Republic This outline map shows the entire country of the Central African Republic. North of Lake Kivu and of Rwanda, the Virunga volcanoes form an east-westtrending range. How Male Guardianship Policies Restrict Womens Travel and Mobility in the Middle East and North Africa, Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people in close to 100 countries worldwide, spotlighting abuses and bringing perpetrators to justice. Central America is a fascinating region, with each country offering unique cultural and historical experiences. )hydroelectricity: 99.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Central African Republic Read More Landlocked Countries In Africa Countries Of Middle Africa Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Sao Tome and Principe Demographics Of Middle Africa (Envato Elements) Countries in central and sub-Saharan Africa will be hit the hardest by the heat waves climate change brings about, researchers say. BOKASSAs regime was characterized by widespread corruption and an intolerance of opposition, which manifested in the disappearances of many who challenged BOKASSAs rule. In the north a low divide (2,0002,300 feet [610700 metres]) separates the Congo River and its tributaries from the Chad basin. ), municipal solid waste generated annually: 1,105,983 tons (2014 est. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. WebThe continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. Africa, the second largest continent, is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean.It is divided almost equally in half by the Equator. Geographically speaking, Costa Rica is primarily rugged mountain terrain with some lowlands on either side. Central African Republic It is noteworthy that the RE technologies in this study can be installed centrally or in smaller units in different parts of each country.. Guatemala has a long and fascinating history that dates back thousands of years. Central African Republic These lingua francas often overlap borders. The landscapes of Central Africa are most often wide plateaus, which are smooth in the central part and etched at the periphery. The mean annual temperatures in the region vary from 77 to 82 F (25 to 28 C), and monthly means vary only a few degrees throughout the year. )0.9% (2020 est. Africa is the fastest growing continent, currently increasing by 2.35% per year as of 2021. Web1List of Central African countries 2Background 3Geography 4History Fourteen countries in the region do not allow women to obtain passports for their own children on an equal basis with men. Global Banking and Finance Review is an online platform offering news, analysis, and opinion on the latest trends, developments, and innovations in the banking and finance industry worldwide. It contains 54 fully recognised sovereign states, eight territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition. ), number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 2annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 46,364 (2015)annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 0 (2015) mt-km, 1note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the typical length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.), 37note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control, total: 24,000 km (2018)paved: 700 km (2018)unpaved: 23,300 km (2018), 2,800 km (2011) (the primary navigable river is the Ubangi, which joins the River Congo; it was the traditional route for the export of products because it connected with the Congo-Ocean railway at Brazzaville; because of the warfare on both sides of the River Congo from 1997, importers and exporters preferred routes through Cameroon), river port(s): Bangui (Oubangui)Nola (Sangha), Central African Armed Forces (Forces Armees Centrafricaines, FACA): Army (includes an air squadron, Escadrille Centrafricaine); Ministry of Interior: National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie Nationale), National Police (2023)note 1: the Special Republican Protection Group (Groupement Spcial Charg de la Protection Rpublicaine or GSPR) is part of the Army per a March 2022 decree, but reports to the president; the GSPR provides protection to the head of statenote 2: in 2019-2021, the CAR created three Mixed Special Security units (Unites Speciales Mixtes de Securite or USMS), regionally based battalion-sized units comprised of about 40% government and 60% rebel soldiers created to provide security along transportation corridors and at mining sites; the units are intended to be transitional in nature with a scheduled deployment time of two years; in addition, since mid-2021 the FACA have frequently recruited local militias, mostly former anti-balaka fighters, whom they pay to help track and attack rebels hiding in the bush, 1.7% of GDP (2022 est. countries in Africa Africa )spirits: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. Colombia borders it to the southeast and Costa Rica to the northwest. West African Countries Share this via Printer. )$342.2 million (2016 est. Share this via Reddit Africa Other ways to share The Economic Community of Central African States and the Lake Chad Basin Commission are notable Central African supra-regional organizations. pv magazine offers daily updates of the latest photovoltaics news. Africa: Physical Geography Whether exploring an archaeological site, strolling a colorful market, or rafting along a river, these seven countries of Central America promise an unparalleled adventure for any explorer visiting. )wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Central America is only about 30 miles wide at its narrowest point, and no location on the isthmus is more than 125 miles away from the sea. Average temperatures vary significantly according to altitude ranging from 77F (25C) on sea level to 54F (12C) on mountaintops. It borders El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala, and the Gulf of Honduras. Geographically, Guatemala is divided into three distinct regions - the lowlands along its Pacific coast (including much of its coastline), hills or highlands near its interior, and mountainous terrain near its borders with Mexico and Belize. Spanish conquistadors arrived in Panama in 1501, and subsequent colonial rule saw enslaved Africans being brought over to work on various trading activities, including gold mining, until gaining independence in 1903. The 12 countries that would be touched by the proposed transmission line are Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi, Mozambique, and South Africa. Through their modeling, the scientists found that around 665,000 MW of PV deployed in Nigeria, Sudan, Niger, Mali, Chad, Ethiopia, and South Africa may help reduce significantly the energy poverty in SSA by 2030, with the support of pumped hydro storage. )580.657 (2017 est. ), 32.37 births/1,000 population (2023 est. WebCentral Africa: The 9 Central African Countries. )proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. Widespread abuses by the Seleka spurred the formation of mainly Christian self-defense groups that called themselves the anti-Balaka, which have also committed human rights abuses against Muslim populations in retaliation. WebCentral Africa: The 9 Central African Countries. List of regions of Africa The 119-page report, Trapped: How Male Guardianship Policies Restrict Womens Travel and Mobility in the Middle East and North Africa, says that although womens rights activists have succeeded in securing womens increased freedoms in many countries in the region, old and new restrictions require women to seek permission from their male guardian typically their father, brother, or husband to move within their country, obtain a passport, or travel abroad. Some parts of Central Africa lie within the Chad basin (northern Central African Republic) or the Nile basin (eastern Rwanda and northeastern Burundi, the Western Rift Valley north of the Virunga Mountains). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Africa's physical geography, environment, resources, and human geography can be considered separately. Central America is North America's southernmost region. ), -$163 million (2017 est. In northern Central Africa, Adamawa-Eastern and Sudanic languages are also spoken. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Legal Notice Terms and Conditions Privacy Policy pv magazine 2023. At the same time, along the coast, one will find some beautiful sandy beaches where it is common to relax and enjoy the sun. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34 (2021 est. The seven countries, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and Belize, of Central America make up a diverse region of modern cities, ancient cultural sites, and pristine wilderness areas. Highland areas tend to be wetter and cooler. There are also numerous islands off its coastline - some more than 100 miles (160 km) away. )consumption: 0 metric tons (2020 est. )1.71% (2020 est. Since the rise of the self-defense groups, conflict in CAR has become increasingly ethnoreligious-based, although focused on identity as opposed to religious ideology. Many Middle East and North Africa countries still prevent women from moving freely in their own country or traveling abroad without the permission of a male guardian. The average electricity demand is estimated to be 77,186 MW. By subscribing to our newsletter youll be eligible for a 10% discount on magazine subscriptions! Africa, the second largest continent, is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean.It is divided almost equally in half by the Equator. Regional Maps: Map of Africa Outline Map of Central African Republic This outline map shows the entire country of the Central African Republic. This rainforestan exuberant world of high trees, rich in epiphytes and lianastakes three main forms: permanently wet marshy forests at the confluence of the Ubangi and Congo rivers; gallery forests, which are subject to periodic flooding, along banks and river floodplains; and, most extensive, forests of dry land, either featuring a single dominant species or, more often, harbouring a variety of species (sometimes several hundred per acre). Regional Maps: Map of Africa Outline Map of Central African Republic This outline map shows the entire country of the Central African Republic. Yemens de facto policy requires Yemeni women to show their male guardians permission to obtain a passport. But Libreville is now preparing to build a cultural institute in one of its wings. Southern Africa consists of the portion generally south of -10 latitude and the great rainforests of Congo. Countries Of West Africa Benin Burkina Faso Cabo Verde Ivory Coast Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Demographics Of West Africa Aerial view of Lagos, Nigeria. This region covers the equator and contains the Congo Basin, with the second largest rainforest in the Many Middle East and North Africa countries still prevent women from moving freely in their own country or traveling abroad without the permission of a male guardian. The culture of Nicaragua is unique, described by some as a harmonious blend of Spanish colonial heritage and African influences due to long-standing migration from nearby nations throughout Latino America, all contributing to an eclectic mix of music, dance, food, and art forms found around this country today. Human Rights Watch also found that in a number of countries, women cannot travel abroad with their children on an equal basis with men. If you continue to use this website without changing your cookie settings or you click "Accept" below then you are consenting to this. Africa Freed from creditors, Libreville's Paris mansion set for facelift. Central Africa, region of Africa that straddles the Equator and is drained largely by the Congo River system. Africa Fifteen countries in the region still apply personal status or family laws that require women to either obey their husbands, live with them, or seek their permission to leave the marital home, work, or travel. Read More Landlocked Countries In Africa Countries Of Middle Africa Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Sao Tome and Principe Demographics Of Middle Africa Central America is North America's southernmost region. 48 countries share the area of mainland Africa, plus six island nations are considered to be part of the continent. )percent of population: 11% (2021 est. The Economic Community of Central African States and the Lake Chad Basin Commission are notable Central African supra-regional organizations. Lava fields from the Virungas have blocked the outlet of an ancient hydrographic network previously oriented to the north. Share this via Twitter In the latter countries Rundi and Rwanda are (along with French) the official languages. CARs political history has since been marred by a series of coups, the first of which brought Jean-Bedel BOKASSA to power in 1966. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. There's something here for everyone, whether exploring fascinating pre-Columbian ruins sprinkled across the country, deep sea fishing trips off Bocas del Toro Islands, or even going bird watching at La Amistad International Park near Costa Rica's border. From leaving the home to leaving the country, authorities in the Middle East and North Africa are imposing varying restrictions on womens right to freedom of movement, said Rothna Begum, senior womens rights researcher at Human Rights Watch. The platform covers a diverse range of topics, including banking, insurance, investment, wealth management, fintech, and regulatory issues. The proposed grid project is presented in the paper Juxtaposing Sub-Sahara Africas energy poverty and renewable energy potential, published in scientific reports. )note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports. Adejuwon Soyinka. )imports of goods and services: -29.5% (2017 est. This will not incur any additional charges to you. Please try again. Originally home to the Mayan civilization, Spain colonized Guatemala in 1524 and gained independence in 1821. The cookie settings on this website are set to "allow cookies" to give you the best browsing experience possible. Honduran culture has been dramatically shaped over centuries by an array of influences, including European colonizers, enslaved Africans brought over during colonial times, and Amerindian settlers who arrived here long before them - Lencas being particularly predominant; each group leaving their imprint on local customs which are still common in traditional crafts like woven baskets or unique dishes like baleadas made with flour tortillas filled with cheese, beans, and other fillings served throughout morning meals. Country in central Africa Finally, Panama offers a wealth of attractions for tourists looking for adventure. The report is based on a comparative analysis of dozens of laws, regulations, and policies, as well as information provided by lawyers, activists, and women in 20 countries in the Middle East and North Africa. The dry tropical forest covers the southern Kwango and Katanga (Shaba) plateaus in Congo (Kinshasa) but exists only in shreds north of the Equator, in the Central African Republic. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and Cameroon to the west . List Of Central African Countries And Their Capitals WebCentral Africa is the large mass at the center of Africa which either does not fall squarely into any other region or only partially does so. $113.7 million (2017 est. 75,001,000. If you want to cooperate with us and would like to reuse some of our content, please contact: editors@pv-magazine.com. Rwanda and Burundi, although they are located east of the East African Rift System, which forms the eastern divide of the Congo basin, are also often considered part of the region because of their long administrative connections with the former Belgian Congo (now Congo [Kinshasa]). Search for crossword clues found in the Daily Celebrity, NY Times, Daily Mirror, Telegraph and major publications. Central Africa Map Algeria is Africa's largest country by area, and Nigeria is In some countries, these rules are becoming more entrenched. )5.62% (2019 est. The territory was established as a French colony named Ubangui-Shari in 1903, and France modeled its administration of the colony after the Belgian Congo, subcontracting control of the territory to private companies that collected rubber and ivory. ), population without electricity: 5 million (2020)electrification - total population: 15.6% (2021)electrification - urban areas: 34.6% (2021)electrification - rural areas: 1.5% (2021), installed generating capacity: 38,000 kW (2020 est. The areas rich linguistic diversity includes the use of lingua francas born of local languages, pidgin creoles (in the islands of the Gulf of Guinea), and European languages, which are the official languages of the various countries (Portuguese in So Tom and Prncipe, French elsewhere). It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and Cameroon to the west . It has an area of 8,124 square miles, making it the smallest country in Central America. The earliest known indigenous people settled along the Pacific coast over 6,000 years ago and today are conceivably direct descendants of the Maya civilization in nearby Guatemala. )note: data are in 2017 dollars, 4.26% (2021 est. However MapSherpa, Inc, its directors and employees do not own any responsibility for the correctness or authenticity of the same. WebMogadishu, the now largest city in Somalia, was settled by Arabs who traveled and traded on the east coast of Africa. The culture here is predominantly based on its Spanish colonial roots with influences from enslaved Africans brought over during this period and the Amerindian tribes who lived here before them. This article covers the history of the region from prehistoric time to the end of the colonial period in the 20th century. (Envato Elements) Countries in central and sub-Saharan Africa will be hit the hardest by the heat waves climate change brings about, This region covers the equator and contains the Congo Basin, with the second largest Central Africa is primarily inhabited by Bantu people. ), conventional long form: Central African Republicconventional short form: nonelocal long form: Republique Centrafricainelocal short form: noneformer: Ubangi-Shari, Central African Empireabbreviation: CARetymology: self-descriptive name specifying the country's location on the continent; "Africa" is derived from the Roman designation of the area corresponding to present-day Tunisia "Africa terra," which meant "Land of the Afri" (the tribe resident in that area), but which eventually came to mean the entire continent, name: Banguigeographic coordinates: 4 22 N, 18 35 Etime difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)etymology: established as a French settlement in 1889 and named after its location on the northern bank of the Ubangi River; the Ubangi itself was named from the native word for the "rapids" located beside the outpost, which marked the end of navigable water north from Brazzaville, 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture), 2 economic prefectures* (prefectures economiques, singular - prefecture economique), and 1 commune**; Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui**, Basse-Kotto, Haute-Kotto, Haut-Mbomou, Kemo, Lobaye, Mambere-Kadei, Mbomou, Nana-Grebizi*, Nana-Mambere, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Sangha-Mbaere*, Vakaga, history: several previous; latest (interim constitution) approved by the Transitional Council 30 August 2015, adopted by referendum 13-14 December 2015, ratified 27 March 2016amendments: proposals require support of the government, two thirds of the National Council of Transition, and assent by the "Mediator of the Central African" crisis; passage requires at least three-fourths majority vote by the National Council membership; non-amendable constitutional provisions include those on the secular and republican form of government, fundamental rights and freedoms, amendment procedures, or changes to the authorities of various high-level executive, parliamentary, and judicial officials; note - constitutional referendum on abolishing presidential term limits scheduled for 30 July 2023, civil law system based on the French model, has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction, citizenship by birth: nocitizenship by descent only: least one parent must be a citizen of the Central African Republicdual citizenship recognized: yesresidency requirement for naturalization: 35 years, chief of state: President Faustin-Archange TOUADERA (since 30 March 2016)head of government: Prime Minister Felix MOLOUA (since 7 February 2022); note - Prime Minister Henri-Marie DONDRA resigned on 2 February 2022cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the presidentelections/appointments: president directly elected for 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 27 December 2020 (next to be held in December 2025); note - Central African Republic held presidential and partial legislative elections on 27 December 2020; voting was disrupted in some areas, delaying the first round of legislative elections until 14 March 2021; constituencies that did vote on 27 December 2020 held runoff elections for their legislatorselection results: 2020/2021: Faustin-Archange TOUADERA reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Faustin-Archange TOUADERA (independent) 53.9%, Anicet Georges DOLOGUELE (URCA) 21%, other 25.1%2015: Faustin-Archange TOUADERA elected president in the second round; percent of vote in first round - Anicet-Georges DOLOGUELE (URCA) 23.7%, Faustin-Archange TOUADERA (independent) 19.1%, Desire KOLINGBA (RDC) 12%, Martin ZIGUELE (MLPC) 11.4%, other 33.8%; percent of vote in second round - Faustin-Archange TOUADERA 62.7%, Anicet-Georges DOLOGUELE 37.3%, description: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (140 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed; members serve 5-year terms)elections: first round last held on 27 December 2020; note - on election day, voting in many electoral areas was disrupted by armed groups; on 13 February 2021, President TOUADERA announced that a new first round of elections will be held on 27 February for those areas controlled by armed groups and second round on 14 Marchelection results: December 2015 election: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UNDP 16, URCA 11, RDC 8, MLPC 10, KNK 7, other 28, independent 60; composition as of March 2022 - men 122, women 18, percent of women 12.9%, highest court(s): Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of NA judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges, at least 3 of whom are women)judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the president; Constitutional Court judge appointments - 2 by the president, 1 by the speaker of the National Assembly, 2 elected by their peers, 2 are advocates elected by their peers, and 2 are law professors elected by their peers; judges serve 7-year non-renewable termssubordinate courts: high courts; magistrates' courts, African Party for Radical Transformation and Integration of States or PATRIE [Crepin MBOLI-GOUMBA]Central African Democratic Rally or RDC [Desire KOLINGBA]Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People or MLPC [Martin ZIGUELE]National Convergence (also known as Kwa Na Kwa or KNK) [Francois BOZIZE]National Movement of Independents or MOUNI National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Michel AMINE]National Union of Republican Democrats or UNADERParty for Democratic Governance or PGDPath of Hope [Karim MECKASSOUA]Union for Central African Renewal or URCA [Anicet-Georges DOLOGUELE]United Hearts Movement or MCU [Faustin-Archange TOUADERA]note: only parties with seats in the Parliament included, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, EITI (compliant country) (suspended), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LCBC, MIGA, NAM, OIC (observer), OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, chief of mission: Ambassador Martial NDOUBOU (since 17 September 2018)chancery: 2704 Ontario Road NW, Washington, DC 20009telephone: [1] (202) 483-7800FAX: [1] (202) 332-9893email address and website: centrafricwashington@yahoo.comhttps://www.usrcaembassy.org/, chief of mission: Ambassador Patricia A. MAHONEY (since 8 April 2022)embassy: Avenue David Dacko, Banguimailing address: 2060 Bangui Place, Washington DC 20521-2060telephone: [236] 2161-0200FAX: [236] 2161-4494email address and website: https://cf.usembassy.gov/, four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a vertical red band in center; a yellow five-pointed star to the hoist side of the blue band; banner combines the Pan-African and French flag colors; red symbolizes the blood spilled in the struggle for independence, blue represents the sky and freedom, white peace and dignity, green hope and faith, and yellow tolerance; the star represents aspiration towards a vibrant future, elephant; national colors: blue, white, green, yellow, red, name: "La Renaissance" (The Renaissance)lyrics/music: Barthelemy BOGANDA/Herbert PEPPERnote: adopted 1960; Barthelemy BOGANDA wrote the anthem's lyrics and was the first prime minister of the autonomous French territory, total World Heritage Sites: 2 (natural)selected World Heritage Site locales: Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park; Sangha Trinational Forest, enormous natural resources; extreme poverty; weak public institutions and infrastructure; political and gender-based violence have led to displacement of roughly 25% of population; Bangui-Douala corridor blockade reduced activity and tax collection; strong agricultural performance offset COVID-19 downturn, $4.483 billion (2019 est.
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